Thursday, 10 October 2013

Prescriptivism & Descriptivism.

Definitions:

Prescriptivism...

"Prescriptivism is based on the view that one variety of language is inherently superior to others and that this more highly valued variety should be imposed on the whole of a particular speech community."
          Keywords in Language and Literacy. By Ronald Carter

"Based on or establishing norms or rules indicating how a language should or should not be used rather than describing the ways in which a language is used."
          American Heritage Dictionary


Descriptivism...

"Descriptivism is based on the view that the assignment of a superior status to one variety of language is often arbitrary and is more likely to be the result of socio-economic factors than of intrinsic linguistic factors."
          Keywords in Language and Literacy. By Ronald Carter

"Of or relating to the study or the description of a language or a specific stage of a language, with emphasis on constructing a grammar without regard to historical development, comparison with other languages, or advocated norms for correct or proper usage."
          American Heritage Dictionary

Well known prescriptivist's include...

  • Alexis Manaster Ramer
  • Lynn Truss
  • Jean Aitchison
  • Basil Bernstein
  • David Crystal
David Crystal believes... 
"A prescriptive grammar is essentially a manual that focuses on constructions where usage is divided, and lays down rules governing the socially correct use of language. These grammars were a formative influence on language attitudes in Europe and America"

"A world of unchanging linguistic excellence... exists only in fantasy."


Well known descriptivist's include...


  • Noam Chomsky 
  • Frank Palmer
  • Alexandra D’Arcy
  • Leonard Bloomfield
Leonard Bloomfield aimed...
"to observe the linguistic world as it is, without the bias of preconceived ideas about how it ought to be, based on a structural approach to language including both syntax (e.g. the construction of phrases) and morphology (e.g. the construction of words)."

Monday, 7 October 2013

The Rastamouse Controversy

The very British value of Rastamouse

A new kids TV show has recently hit the airwaves.
Rastamouse is a programme designed to appeal primarily Jamaican-Caribbean children, after the creator suddenly realised that entertainment for this slice of our society was dramatically duller than that supplied for others.
Rastamouse premiered to controversy, and steeped in concern about the intelligibility of the language and connections with marijuana (particularly in reference to cheese) took the TV by storm. But it is not a controversial programme at heart.
Rastamouse
Rastamouse - the Jamaican-Caribbean hero of a surprisingly British show.
In a very Britishly inspired, almost Enid Blyton style, Rastamouse and his friends Scratchy & Zoomer (together Da Easy Crew) take to the brightly coloured streets to solve problems and ‘make a bad ting good’.  By promoting the value of friendship and the virtues of being the good guy as only children’s’ programming can, Rastamouse becomes a programme approaching issues to do with general citizenship but using a group of vibrant, ethnic characters that give Jamaican-Caribbean children something to relate to and children of other racial backgrounds something to start them understanding accents and racial origins.
The big question is, does Rastamouse deserve its controversial reputation?
I can only speak for myself, but I don’t think so. The only problem I found was that I read every newspaper to myself in a Jamaican accent for around an hour after I finished watching the show. Parents concerned that their young children could pick up new words that may have unusual meanings (e.g. ‘wagwan’ basically meaning ’what is going on with you?’) should brace themselves for the time of life when their kids start absorbing the language of popular culture, from the classic ‘cool’ to the very British-90′s ‘ace’ to the modern and primarily American ‘crunk’. If Prince Charles’ wife can proclaim her step-son’s impending nuptials to be ‘wicked’ in an interview with a journalist, then we are all at risk of assimilating popular vocabulary into our verbal inventories. Other parents who worry about the true meaning of ‘cheese’ (supposedly connected with marijuana via a tenuous link through Rastafari) should probably look at much of the innuendo-based humour found in the standard British pantomime that greatly amuses adults but goes straight over the heads of young children, and either give up on British humour completely OR relax a little. And that’s just if cheese is actually code for weed.
Overall Rastamouse seems to me to be a very creative, fun, positive and modern British animation. Without the accents there would be little controversy, racially motivated or otherwise; but to ignore accents and/or other cultures within the media would be tantamount to pretending that nothing beneficial can be learned from other cultures. We either face this controversy or pretend that people outside of the white-and-highly-assimilated-immigrants group do not exist for fear of causing offence. Personally I would love any children I might have to start asking questions about other cultures triggered by programs as well written & produced as Rastamouse.
So congratulations to the creators Genevieve Webster and Michael De Souza, the voice of Rastamouse Reggie Yates, and to the BBC and CBeebies – I genuinely feel that my license fee is being used to make quality programming, contribute to British culture and push boundaries.

Questions:

1) How is the language issue represented?
2) How does the author represent him/herself and others?
3) How does the author shape the readers response (audience positioning)

The author of this article compares Rastamouse to other texts of a non-controversial nature, namely Enid Blyton, a well loved and known children's writer. This may be an attempt to attach positive connotations to the TV programme. This article is written in defence of the complaints made about Rastamouse claiming that is promotes 'the value of friendship and the virtues of being the good guy' . The author acknowledges the concerns of parents, appealing to them as part of his audience, but makes it clear that he does not feel Rastamouse is a controversial programme as heart. This is supported by the fact that he does not use any derogatory terms when referring to the dialect such as 'patios'. He feels that the concern stemming from their children picking up 'slang' terms should not be isolated to the Jamaican dialect, and that the blame cannot be placed upon this show. He states that slang terms are merely a part of the language of popular culture. 
Arguably, it is not the terms taken from Jamaican Creole that are the problem, but in fact the negative stigma that is attached to them. As Lexis that differs from the standard is associated with lower classes, and below standard education, as shown by Viv Edwards research. However, the author of this article implies that Rastamouse addresses this issue rather than adding to the controversy of it by giving Jamaican children a show they can relate to, and aiding the understanding of children from other ethic backgrounds in regards to difference accents and racial backgrounds. 
The author of this article comes across as educated as he uses standard English, only deviating from this in order to illustrate his points, for example choosing words from the show 'wagwan' and examples of slang accepted in daily life not from the show: 'cool'. The use of standard English makes his article seem more credible, and therefore more likely to persuade the audience to his way of thinking. He personalises the article by expressing his own opinions directly through terms such as 'I can only speak for myself...' 'personally I would love...' and 'I genuinely feel...' this makes the text more accessible to the audience and more relatable as it lowers the tenor and formality of the article. Generally the author uses low register words in order to appeal to a wider audience, but occasionally uses higher register words such as 'assimilated' and 'tantamount', perhaps to reinforce his level of education. 
The audience of this text is assumed to be parents, although he does not address them directly and refers to them in third person. He does not appear to want to appeal to their current views on the controversy of the show, and in actual fact counter-argues many of them, claiming that by addressing the issue of controversy actually helps to lessen it, rather than avoiding it and missing out of the things we could learn from other cultures. It could be argued that he is alienating the parents as he does not agree with their views. 

Monday, 30 September 2013

BBC Voices.


Aims:

In November 2004, the BBC conducted a survey to find out people views and attitudes towards various accents. 5010 people took part in the online survey by ranking celebrities accents in terms of pleasantness.

Method:

The survey took place from the 17th - 26th of November and included people from the age of 15 and above. The sample was drawn from Greenfield's bank of approximately 140,000 members, all of which are checked to prove the authenticity of the participants  recruitment is done via the media, emails, online promotions and word of mouth. The BBC voices survey represented a 49:51 male to female ratio and 63 identified local areas. a 'middle-aged spread' occurred  where people aged 25-64 were over represented and people aged <24 and >65 were under represented. In this particular survey  social class data was not collected and cannot be discussed. 97% of people surveyed reported English as their first language. 

Findings: 

Throughout the UK, Sean Connery and his Edinburgh accent was voted most pleasant, followed by Trevor McDonald who was voted into second place overall. It was evident that people held a preference for accents relatively close to their own for instance, Scottish people generally preferred Ewan McGregor's accent. Ian Paisley's voice was voted 'least pleasant' by all areas other that Northern Ireland. 
59% of respondents wished 'at least occasionally' that they had a different accent, the most desired accent is he standard English accent (RP). Many suggested that having a strong accent make them hard to understand and felt that another accent would make this better and make them sound more pleasant. However, across the country, people voted an 'accent identical to your own' as one of their favourite accents, as well as being advantageous when applying for jobs. 95% of people in Northern Ireland, 79% in Wales and 87% in Scotland consider themselves to have a 'moderately strong accent' at the very least. Opposed to only 63% in the East of England and 64% in the South who believe their accent to be moderately strong. More that 4/5 people admitted to changing their accents in certain situations, such as meeting people for the first time, and after drinking alcohol. 

Conclusion:

As a general rule, people prefer their own accents, or accents similar to theirs. This may be because they find them easiest to understand or just because they find them easier to relate to. This brings in an element of bias, as does the use of celebrities voices as people may already have preferences in terms of favourite actors ect for reasons beyond their accents, which makes the survey less reliable. Also, if the survey were to be repeated, efforts should be made to get a more evenly spread representation of age groups, as well as less common accents, or accents inclusive of people where English is not their first language. Other than that, I feel that the ratio of men to women is good, as is the chosen age range of 15+. The fact that the survey was conducted by a respected organisation may increase the reliability as the respondents are more likely to take the survey seriously, it is also stated that precautions were taken to validate the participants to ensure that third parties were not altering the results. 

Revised Accent Table:

1) Received Pronunciation
2) Edinburgh 
3) Dublin 
4) Newcastle 
5) Yorkshire
6) Cockney 
7) Glasgow
8) West Country 
9) Birmingham 
10) Liverpool 
11) Devon 
12) Cardiff
13) Belfast 
14) Manchester